REPRODUCTION:

WEANING AND PUPPY VACCINATIONS

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Q. What should I expect during the puppies’ first few weeks of life? 

A. During the first three weeks of life, puppies require little care from the owner provided the mother is doing her job. Puppies are born with their eyes closed but they open after 7-14 days. If any swelling or bulging is noted under the eyelids they should be gently opened by massaging with a cotton ball dampened with warm water. If the swelling is due to infection, pus will emerge as the eyelids open and it is important to contact your veterinarian. If the eyes have not opened by 14-16 days of age or if you are concerned about any discharges, it is important to seek veterinary care. 

Q. Is there anything else I should note during these early weeks?

A. The puppies’ growth rate should be monitored. Most puppies will double their birth weight in the first seven to eight days. Electronic kitchen or postal scales are ideal to monitor weights. A trend indicating increasing weight is more important than accurate weights.

Q. When should the puppies start to stand and take an interest in their surroundings?

A. As soon as the puppies’ eyes open they develop rapidly. By two weeks of age they should be alert and trying to stand. By three weeks they should be trying to climb out of their nest. At four weeks all the puppies should be able to walk, run and play.

Q. What about the mother?  When and how do I increase her food and with what?

A. You will have increased your female’s food during the last two or three weeks of pregnancy. We have a handout detailing this process. 

After whelping, food requirements increase as the mother produces more milk for her growing puppies.

Maximum milk production occurs approximately three weeks after whelping and at this time it is not unusual for the mother to be eating three to four times her normal maintenance diet depending on the size of her litter, breed, etc.  

Q.  What should I feed the mother and how often?

A. It is important not to change the mother’s diet too suddenly especially immediately after whelping. If she has been fed a well-balanced diet, either canned or dry, you should have been gradually increasing the amount during the last 2 or 3 weeks of her pregnancy by increasing the frequency of feeding rather than the volume per meal. 

After whelping she may not want to eat very much for 24-48 hours and then regain her appetite. It is recommended to feed her frequently, gradually increasing the amount per meal as her milk production increases and as her puppies grow.  

Peak milk production will be at approximately 3 weeks. At this time, depending upon breed and size of litter, she may be receiving up to four times her normal maintenance ration fed in four meals a day. Adequate fluid is also essential, particularly if dry food is being fed. Make sure there is an adequate supply of clean drinking water. You will be surprised how much she eats and drinks while feeding her puppies.

Q.  Is it necessary to feed the mother milk or milk substitute while she is lactating?

A. No. If a good veterinary-recommended diet is being fed, water is all that is necessary. Some breeds should not receive certain supplements. Be sure to consult with your veterinarian before giving any nutritional supplements or vitamins to your pet.

Q.  What is an appropriate diet?

A. We can advise you regarding suitable, highly nutritious, energy dense complete foods. Toy and small breed dogs often prefer the canned variety whereas the larger breeds often do better on dried food. We can help you determine the best diet for your pet’s metabolic needs.

Q.  I understand I have to wean the puppies. What is this and how and when do I do it?

A. Weaning describes the transition of the puppy’s diet from its mother’s milk to the solid growth diet of puppyhood.

In the wild, weaning begins naturally as soon as the puppies start to develop their teeth at three to four weeks of age. Suckling then irritates or hurts the mother who will move away and leave her puppies for longer and longer periods. Natural weaning involves the female dog vomiting her food and the puppies consuming the vomitus. Many pets will also do this and cause concern to owners. It is usually a natural maternal function and nothing to be worried about.

Once the puppies’ eyes are open, the sooner the puppies are weaned, the less the strain on the mother and the sooner she will return to normal condition.  

If the puppies have been hand raised for any reason, the sooner they are weaned and eating solid food on their own, the better. It is worthwhile to begin offering soft foods as soon as their eyes are open.

  Photo by SharpFotos.com

Q.  What should I start with?

A. Start by placing one of the reconstituted puppy milk replacers in a flat saucer. Puppies’ noses can be dipped into this or their noses and mouths wetted with a finger dipped in the formula. Repeat this two or three times a day until they begin to lap the replacer on their own. This usually takes one to four days.

Next try offering canned puppy food placed in the milk replacer until soggy. As the puppies lap at the milk they will also ingest the food. The amount of milk is then decreased daily until they are eating the canned food with little or no moisture added. This should be completed by 4-6 weeks of age. 

Weaning them onto one of the complete puppy foods (which are available in dry, canned and semi moist forms) ensures balanced nutrition. Consult with your veterinarian regarding puppy vitamins. Recent research shows that not all breeds should receive all vitamins or nutritional supplements.

If you have any questions about weaning your puppy, please consult us.

Q.  I realize that diet is extremely important. How long do puppies need a special diet and how often do I have to feed them? 

A. A good veterinarian-recommended diet is essential for the proper development of your puppy. At the time of weaning they should be fed small amounts often, approximately four to six times a day. By the time they are ready to be weaned from the mother, normally at about 6-8 weeks of age, they should be receiving about four meals a day. By the age of three months, the quantity can be increased and the frequency reduced to about three meals a day. Most breeds then progress to two meals a day at the age of six to nine months. Some of the slow maturing breeds, particularly the giant breeds, may require more frequent feeding until nearly two years old.

Q.  When will I be able to place the puppies in homes?

A. Most puppies can be placed in their new homes at around eight weeks of age. Puppies should remain with the litter this long to ensure proper weaning and social development. Puppies that are taken from the litter and mother earlier than this are known to have an increased number of behavioral problems.

Q.  What about vaccinations?  Should I keep the pups until this has been completed?

A. Puppies receive some immunity to the major canine diseases from their mother before and shortly after birth through the first milk or colostrum. This is particularly true if the mother’s vaccinations are up to date. These maternal antibodies protect puppies against diseases to which the mother is immune. It is important to ensure that any inoculations are administered prior to mating your dog.

Maternal antibodies and their protection last only a few weeks. After this time the puppy becomes susceptible to disease. The duration of maternal antibodies is variable and depends on several factors. Vaccine technology has made tremendous progress over the last few years and a puppy can now be safely vaccinated at six weeks of age. This is essential to protect your puppies against life threatening diseases such as Parvo.  Most puppies will receive two to four vaccinations against the common canine diseases as they grow. Our hospital will give you vaccine recommendations based on your pet’s breed, risk and lifestyle.

Q.  What about the mother?  Do I have to do anything to dry up her milk supply?

A. Staring at approximately three weeks after birth, as you start to wean the puppies, they will gradually feed less and less from the mother’s milk. She will be happy to leave the nest for longer and longer periods and, depending on her breed or type, will probably enjoy increased periods of exercise and physical activity. At the same time, her milk supply should be diminishing naturally and the frequency and quantity of food you are feeding her should also be decreased.